Get Help From A Professional Essay Writer

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Highly Qualified College Essay Writers

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Highly Qualified College Essay Writers

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What is creep Watergate scandal - Free Essay Example

August 8, 2018 marks the 44th anniversary of the resignation of President Richard Nixon from the oval office. Around 1972, Richard Nixon, a Republican president, ran for reelection. At this time the United States was deeply involved in the Vietnam War and caused the country to be divided. The reelection in Nixons eyes meant that he needed to have a forceful presidential campaign. His fantastic idea was illegal espionage. (es-pe-an-ahge) In May 1972 members of Nixons committee of reelection broke into the Democratic National Committees Watergate headquarters and stole top-secret documents and bugged the offices phones. Since the wiretaps failed to work, 5 men returned to the Watergate building. On June 17th, 1972 burglars in the office of the Democratic National Committee were arrested located in the Watergate complex. They were found wiretapping phones and stealing documents which were connected to President Nixons reelection campaign. Nixon tried to cover up the crime but ended up resigning in 1974. The Watergate scandal was known to have changed American politics forever, but some oppose this viewpoint. Ultimately, the Watergate Scandal did have a major long-term impact on United States politics because, despite the decrease in voting turnout only being short-term, America has been severely altered by politics and society due to political reforms and actions along with creating dramatic changes to both media and language. Counterclaim: While the Watergate Scandal had a major impact on politics and society in America, the Scandal only had a short-term impact on politics in regard to voting turnout. After the scandal, many political scientists to began to worry about the effect that Watergate would have on the rate of political dropouts and strains on the two-party political system in the United States government. A Pew Research center analyzes the outcomes in the years following the Watergate Scandal: in 1974, when the backdrop of the Watergate scandal led to a nearly 3-million vote falloff in the Republican House vote from 1970. The Democratic vote grew by barely 1 million. But the GOP drop off was so severe that it cost the Republicans nearly 50 House seats https://www.pewresearch.org/2006/11/01/voter-turnout-and-congressional-change/ There is no doubt that the Watergate Scandal caused drastic changes within the political atmosphere during the years following 1974 as the American population very obviously lost faith and trust in the government, specifically in the Republican branch which caused that ultimate imbalance in the structure. However, these statistics have not withheld the test of time, and the mistrust brought about by the Watergate scandal no longer has a major impact on voter turnout. Not only has the Pew Research center revealed that U.S. turnout in 2016 was 86.8% of registered voters, fourth-highest among OECD countries but NPR studies show that voter turnout has generally risen, with 47.5% voting in this years midterms and 60.1% voting in the 2016 presidential elections which is a nearly 12% increase from voting turnouts immediately aft er the Watergate scandal. So ultimately, while voting turnout dramatically dropped after Watergate, this was not a lasting change in American politics and voter turnout has exponentially increased in recent years despite the occurrence of the Watergate scandal. https://www.npr.org/2018/11/08/665197690/a-boatload-of-ballots-midterm-voter-turnout-hit-50-year-high https://www.pewresearch.org/2006/11/01/voter-turnout-and-congressional-change/ https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/07/11/453319/increasing-voter-participation-america/ https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/21/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/ Argument: The United States has been dramatically changed due to the Watergate Scandal specifically in political and legislative changes involving the Supreme Court and the resulting legal reforms. One key political change is the Supreme Court began to severely curb the executive powers and rights once maintained by the President. It was a unanimous decision by the Supreme Court on July 24, 1974, that effectively ended the Nixon presidency by ordering the release of the Watergate smoking gun tape and other recordings. This critical action was the first step as the Justices held that not even the president was above the law, and it didnt agree with Nixons claim of executive privilege. The Court stated that the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of justice. were more important than allowing the continuation of executive privilege. The Courts curb on executive power remains extremely crucial even today in American politics The Watergate Scandal also inspired an era of legal reform: The scandal raised enough public outrage to allow Congress to pass several laws that had already been proposed before a trial even took place. Such as . . Watergate helped push the passage of Section 6103 of the Internal Revenue Code (Which ensures that tax returns and related information are to be helpful in confidence, and not released other than within the boundaries established by the section. The Privacy Act of 1974, which included provisions banning secret record-keeping systems. And the . . . Presidential Records Act, which establishes that the official records of the president are public documents, and establishes rules for access to them. Therefore, the Watergate Scandal inspired major political changes as legal action occurred within the Supreme Court and caused legal reform that affects the United States Government even today. Not only were American politics dramatically changed, but the Watergate Scandal is responsible for a plentitude of societal changes; specifically by redefining the governments relationship with media and through a generating a legacy of language. The Watergate scandal severely altered America by redefining the governments relationship with media The people in the United States began to realize that the government is not incorruptible and Watergate ultimately planted the seed of distrust in the minds of many citizens. A federal times Editor Jill Aitoro wrote, a certain naivete about politics was lost among Americans, a newfound appreciation of investigative journalism emerged, and the government realized that press might not be so easily contained. Media has a large impact on the ever-increasing media saturated environment, and the Watergate Scandal was a key reason for changing the way the media operates. The infamous location of Watergate has been responsible for creating a profound legacy of language. The suffix -gate becoming shorthand for any scandal involving deception at high levels of power is one of many signs that Watergate rocked America. Some examples of scandals involving the suffix -gate includes Ronald Reagans Iran-gate, Bill Clintons Monica-gate and New Jersey Gov. Chris Christies bridge-gate are just a few examples. more than 200 scandals have had gate attached to them. This legacy of language is a clear indication that the Watergate scandal was not a one-and-done experience, but rather a radical event that even changed language, while simultaneously becoming deeply ingrained in American culture and society https://www.federaltimes.com/smr/50-years-federal-times/2015/12/01/watergate-scandal-public-distrust-of-government-begins/ Conclusion: The Watergate hasnt changed politics and society completely but enough to make a major difference in our lives. Because of the secret operations behind the Watergate scandal performed by Nixon in 1972, politics, legistlation, and society have been changed. The Watergate opened a gap between the legislation government and the citizens. The sense of trust isnt there anymore and that can be in large part because of Richard Nixon and the Watergate Scandal.

Bullying Is Evolving Over Time - 1833 Words

Almost everywhere I go, I see those around me always on their cell phones. Those cell phones are not just any type of cell phones; they can sometimes be called weapons. I do it all the time: jokingly saying some offensive words to my friends. However, am I really their friend when I m doing that? Most of the time everyone thinks that it is fine to joke with a friend through a text message or email, but how would someone know whether or not it hurts their friend or even family members when they can t even see what their reaction is without being right next to them? Bullying has been evolving over time. Bullying has happened throughout history, whether or not it has been in historical records or it has ever happened in the world; some type of bullying has occurred. It has gone to the point that when social media came out, the word cyberbullying has come into place. Though there are some people that believe teasing others on the web is just fooling around, cyberbullying has grown to a p oint where saying one word or sentence can lead to suicides or health problems of others. In addition, cyberbullying doesn t just happen at a certain period, if that bully knows most of the information that a person has, it grows overtime with himself or herself. So, if cyberbullying starts at an early age, it will have an effect on a child s development as well. Once cyberbullying starts, one common solution of talking to others about it, might not work anymore. Ways to cope withShow MoreRelatedHow Gender And The Type Of Bullying Correlates With Each Other919 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we hear the word â€Å"bullying†, what comes to mind for most people is the act of someone who is threatening or harassing another. We may even picture a scene from A Christmas Story where this tall kid and his crew are running after this shorter, nerdy-looking kid wearing glasses. However, bullying comes in many forms. It is verbal harassment, in which someone’s mean words can make another feel emotionally and mentally abused. It is physical assault in which not only the aggressor leaves physicalRead MoreBullying Is A Major Problem That Has Gradually Gotten Worser Over The Years.1046 Words   |  5 PagesBullying is a major problem that has gradually gotten worser over the years. With technology evolving teens have taken bullying to a new level, by cyberbullying. Bullying is a way of verbally or physically harming someone else to try and seem superior. People who bully are very insecure about themselves so they chose to bully others in order to make themselves feel better. There are others ways that teens may use to bully such as cyberbullying. Cyber bulling is a form of harassment online throughRead MoreThe Evolution of Bullying Over the Years882 Words   |  3 Pagesencountered some form of bullying in their lifetime whether they want to admit it or not. It happens to everyone, but to some people it is a regular thing. Bullying has evolved over the years, twenty years ago, the bully would have been the much bigger kids in school, physically bullying a smaller kid. They would even team up to where it was multiple bullies against one kid. While doing my research one thing that kept coming up was that, during the age of â€Å"traditional bullying†, when the victim wouldRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyberbullying And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 Pagesinclude more people each taking one side of the argument and hurling insults to people on the other side. Another form is harassment, where a bully humiliates the victim by sending hurtful images, text messages, or emails about the victim. This form of bullying has grown with the recent trend of making memes. Memes are images containing a message meant to ridicule the victim. Myers (2006) adds that defamation and denigration is another form of Cyberbullying; the bully attacks and tarnishes the victims throughRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1633 Words   |  7 P agesis through the familiar conviction of bullying. Bullying has been entrenched in American society as a relevant issue for quite some time. The word â€Å"bully† derives back from as far as the 1530’s. In 1838, the novel, Oliver Twist, exhibited the first use of bullying within literary work. Years later, in 1862, the first account of bullying was reported. Over one hundred years following this, the first proposition of an anti-bullying law was constructed. As time has persisted, the issue has began toRead MoreCyber Bullying And The Internet1324 Words   |  6 Pagesmost powerful form of bullying, called cyber bullying. Unfortunately, no one is exempt from cyber bullying. The Internet is a tool that gives anyone a voice, including bullies. It is a marvelous element that has become an operating tool in our daily lives. We learn from it, communicate with it, and are entertained by it. However, there are people who use it to mistreat others. We hear on the news, more o ften than we should, of young people committing suicide due to cyber bullying. While there are bulliesRead MoreBullying Victimization And Its Effects1469 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles that can affect the long-term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, RuanRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Society1297 Words   |  6 Pagescelebrity status based on what their physical ability. There is no denying that physical strength is viewed as a sign of power. It is a quality that has been a determining factor of power and rule throughout our history, right to the beginning of our time. However, technology has added a new dimension and there is a shift in how power is gained. Knowledge and education are starting to become more and more relevant, as technology advances. Technology has began to infiltrate society as people becomeRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Children1314 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, according to Oxford Dictionary, is the use of â€Å"superior strength or influence to intimidate, typically to force someone to do what one wants.† Growing up, the only bullying that I have witnessed is on the television. The majority of people perceive a bully as a tough boy threatening another for his lunch money, but times have changed in unison with technology evolving. One of the overwhelmingly popular uses of the internet is to contact friends and relatives by posting pictures and sendingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesworld possess some form of an electronic device that is capable of accessing s ocial media, rather it be Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and many more. â€Å"Technology’s rampant popularization over the past decade in terms of social media has meant that texting, Facebook, and Twitter have inevitable taken over as the most efficient ways of communicating with each other.† (Jones) From children of young age, to our elders, people of all ages have the potential to gain access to multiple forms of social

A Raisin in the Sun American Dream Essay - 707 Words

Crystal Rose Schwab Ms. Liz English Honors, Period 4 16 November 2011 Your Version of Success In the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry you go back in time to when segregation was still aloud. In this play you meet a cast of people with dreams of a better life. The American Dream, to be specific. This dream is portrayed differently for each character, all of which impact the play. Two of these character `s are Walter Lee Younger and Lena Younger. In Raisin in the Sun Mama and Walter’s American dreams conflict and impact the family through materialism and desire to be the ideal American family in society. Mama and Walter both desire to provide for their family. They both look at money as success. When the $10,000†¦show more content†¦It symbolizes her family in a way. When the family is down, the plant is down. Mama is constantly in protection of the plant, in hopes of holding on to her dream. Walter in comparison is always looking to be somebody and make it in life. Walter sees wealth as the only solution to this. He longs for financial support. He becomes corrupted by society -to find his identity through money. Walter tells his mother, I want so many things(60). This shows his greediness. All in all Mama and Walters dreams both involve money. Mama shows us her longing for the acceptance of society when she immediately buys a house in a white neighborhood, to provide for her family. Walter shows us his desperation to be a valuable human being when he steals money in hopes of starting his liquor business. Walter wants to be respected and live a happy lifestyle for this family. He longs to be the head of the household. Walter see’s himself with a liquor store as having power. It isn’t till the end until he rethinks the values of himself and his family’s future about how there is more to living than just having material riches. Mama only yearns for her family to be respected and live up to what society perceives. No matter what you perceive The American Dream to be, it is possible to attain it and be successful. The American Dream is whatever your dream of success perceives to be. Hansberry shows how hard it was for colored people to find theirShow MoreRelatedAmerican Dream in a Raisin in the Sun4319 Words   |  18 PagesCHAPTER III: The Impact of Identity on Dreams – 1. Identity in the Sight of Other People In actual fact, people have a certain view or conception about what somebody is. This view is quite different from what the individual himself has. But then the harm in all this is that this state of affairs has a great impact on what an individual is supposed to become in life especially when he doesn’t have a great sense of objectivity or when he is not determined to achieve his life goal regardlessRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In A Raisin In The Sun1123 Words   |  5 PagesA Raisin in the sun shows the hardship many need to face in order to attain this notion of the American Dream. The book did more than then just show what everyone faced, she shows the struggles that many African American families had to face when trying to achieve the notion of the American Dream. She does this by showing the environment that many African American lived in when there was bombing in the neighborhood or when white people would force African American who finally bought a home, out. Read MoreA Raisin In The Sun American Dream Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pagesfree† and home of the â€Å"American Dream.† According to James Truslow Adams in Epic of America, the American Dream is defined as â€Å"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.† It is based on the foundations of the Declaration of Independence: the rights to Liberty, Life, and the Pursuit of Happiness (Amadeo, What is the American Dream?). People have the right to pursue their dreams and acquire a betterRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In A Raisin In The Sun709 Words   |  3 Pages‘A Raisin in the Sun’ is a story that focuses on an African American family in the late 1940’s that’s struggles through poverty and racism to find the American Dream. A life that should be better, fuller and richer for everyone with countless opportunities to each indiv idual’s ability and achievement. A vision that appears to be too far to fully grasp, the Younger family struggles through life with the idea of the American Dream but come to terms that it means something a little bit different toRead MoreExamples Of The American Dream In A Raisin In The Sun1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is a term that is often misunderstood. Some people think that it is about having the kind of money that creates security. As a matter of fact, it is about things much more straightforward and significant. It involves the freedom to pursue a life where a person can be respected and feel like a contributing member of society. Meaning, that the only limits and possibilities on a person’s ability to get ahead, have financial freedom, and gain the respect of others in his communityRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun American Dream Essay1811 Words   |  8 Pages In the Lorraine Hansberry play A Raisin in the Sun she brings to light the life as an African American in a metropolitan area in the nineteen-fifties and sixties. At the time, her play brought insight to the African American plead for freedom to move up in their communities and to have equal opportunity to have their own American dream. Her understanding of African American family was really shown in this play with the formation of the family who was struggling with the loss of the father of theRead More Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberr y’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreAmerican Dream in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry827 Words   |  3 Pagesnice house with a white picket fence. This was the cliche American dream. It is what most people think of when they think of the American Dream. The definition of American dream is the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every american. Well does it exist? If people work hard enough towards the dream yes, it does still exist. Moving on from the big picture, two contributions of the American dream are personal happiness and material comfort. For exampleRead MoreDivergent Routes to the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun2529 Words   |  11 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American dream has been visualized and pursued by nearly everyone in this nation. Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun is a play about the Younger family that strived for the American dream. The members of the Younger family shared a dream of a better tomorrow. In order to reach that dream, however, they each took different routes, which typified the routes taken by different black Americans. Walter Lee Youngers route, which was filled with riskiness and impulsiveness, exemplifiedRead MoreThe American Dream In Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun1021 Words   |  5 Pagescommon past. He and many others believed in the American Dream, that has drawn hopeful masses of people to this country in search of a better life. Although some believe that the American promise is still achievable, America no longer provides access to this dream. It has evolved to be a pursuit of money not liberation, and the discrimination of groups of people has masked the fundamental ideals that the dream is based upon. The American Dream is rooted in equality and success, and has become

Causes of the Showa Restoration Essay Example For Students

Causes of the Showa Restoration Essay Sonno joi, â€Å"Restore the Emperor and expel the Barbarians,†was the battle cry that ushered in the Showa Restoration in Japanduring the 1930’s.Footnote1 The Showa Restoration was a combination ofJapanese nationalism, Japanese expansionism, and Japanese militarismall carried out in the name of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito. Unlike theMeiji Restoration, the Showa Restoration was not a resurrection of theEmperor’s powerFootnote2, instead it was aimed at restoring Japan’sprestige. During the 1920’s, Japan appeared to be developing ademocratic and peaceful government. It had a quasi-democraticgovernmental body, the Diet,Footnote3 and voting rights were extendedto all male citizens.Footnote4 Yet, underneath this seemingly placidsurface, lurked momentous problems that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transition that Japan made from its parliamentary government ofthe 1920’s to the Showa Restoration and military dictatorship of thelate 1930s was not a sudden transformation. Liberal forces were nottoppled by a coup overnight. Instead, it was gradual, feed bya complex combination of internal and external factors. The history that links the constitutional settlement of 1889to the Showa Restoration in the 1930s is not an easy story to relate. The transformation in Japan’s governmental structure involved; thehistorical period between 1868 and 1912 that preceded the ShowaRestoration. This period of democratic reforms was an underlying causeof the militarist reaction that lead to the Showa Restoration. Thetransformation was also feed by several immediate causes; such as, thedownturn in the global economy in 1929Footnote5 and the invasion ofManchuria in 1931.Footnote6 It was the convergence of these external,internal, underlying and immediate causes that lead to the militarydictatorship in the 1930’s. The historical period before the Showa Restoration,1868-1912, shaped the political climate in which Japan could transformitself from a democracy to a militaristic state. This period is knownas the Meiji Restoration.Footnote7 The Meiji Restoration of 1868completely dismantled the Tokugawa political order and replaced itwith a centralized system of government headed by the Emperor whoserved as a figure head.Footnote8 However, the Emperor instead ofbeing a source of power for the Meiji Government, became its undoing. The Emperor was placed in the mystic position of demi-god by theleaders of the Meiji Restoration. Parliamentarians justified the newquasi-democratic government of Japan, as being the â€Å"Emperor’s Will.†The ultra-nationalist and militaristic groups took advantage of theEmperor’s status and claimed to speak for the Emperor.Footnote9 Thesethen groups turned the tables on the parliamentarians by claiming thatthey, not the civil government, represented the â€Å"Imperial Will.† Theparliamentarians, confronted with this perversion of their own policy,failed to unite against the militarists and nationalists. Instead, theparliamentarians compromised with the nationalists and militaristsgroups and the general populace took the nationalists’ claims ofdevotion to the Emperor at face value, further bolstering thepopularity of the nationalists.Footnote10 The theory of â€Å"ImperialWill† in Japan’s quasi-democratic government became an underlyin g flawin the government’s democratic composition. It was also during the Meiji Restoration that the Japaneseeconomy began to build up its industrial base. It retooled, basingitself on the western model. The Japanese government sent outinvestigators to learn the ways of European and Americanindustries.Footnote11 In 1889, the Japanese government adopted aconstitution based on the British and German models of parliamentarydemocracy. During this same period, railroads were constructed, abanking system was started and the samurai system wasdisbanded.Footnote12 Indeed, it seemed as if Japan had successfullymade the transition to a western style industrialized state. Almostevery other non-western state failed to make this leap forward frompre-industrial nation to industrialized power. For example, Chinafailed to make this leap. It collapsed during the 1840s and theEuropean powers followed by Japan, sought to control China byexpropriating its raw materials and exploiting its markets. By 1889, when the Japanese ConstitutionFootnote13 wasadopted, Japan, with a few minor setbacks, had been able to make thetransition to a world power through its expansion of colonialholdings.Footnote14 During the first World War, Japan’s economy andcolonial holdings continued to expand as the western powers wereforced to focus on the war raging in Europe. During the period1912-1926, the government continued on its democratic course. In 1925,Japan extended voting rights to all men and the growth of the merchantclass continued.Footnote15 But these democratic trends, hid the factthat it was only the urban elite’s who were benefiting from thegrowing industrialization. The peasants, who outnumbered the urbanpopulation were touched little by the momentous changes this lead todiscontent in a majority of the populace. During the winter of 1921-1922, the Japanese governmentparticipated in a conference in Washington to limit the naval armsrace. The Washington Conference successfully produced an agreement,the Five Power Treaty. Part of the Treaty established a ratio ofBritish, American, Japanese, Italian, and French ships to the ratiorespectively of 5:5:3:1.75:1.75.Footnote16 Other parts of the FivePower Treaty forced other naval powers to refrain from buildingfortifications in the Pacific and Asia. In return, Japan agreed togive up its colonial possessions in Siberia and China.Footnote17 In1924, Japan cut its standing Army and further reduced the size of theJapanese military budget. It appeared to all that Japan was content torely on expansion through trade instead of military might.Footnote18However, this agreement applauded by the Western Powers, symbolized tomany of the nationalists and militarists that the Japanese Governmenthad capitulated to the West. During the Showa Restoration, ten yearsla ter, these agreements were often cited as examples of where thequasi-democratic Japanese government had gone astray.Footnote19 The time preceding the Showa Restoration appeared at firstglance to be the image of a nation transforming itself into afull-fledged democracy. But this picture hid huge chasms that wereabout to open up with the end of the 1920’s. Three precipitatingcircumstances at the beginning of the 1930’s shattered Japan’sdemocratic underpinnings, which had been far from firm: the downturnin the world economy, Western shunning of Japan, and the independenceof Japan’s military. Thus, the shaky democracy gave way to the ShowaRestoration. This Restoration sought to not only restore the ShowaEmperor, Hirohito to power, but lead Japan into a new period ofexpansionism and eventually into World War II. The first event that put Japan on the path toward the ShowaRestoration was the downturn in the world economy. It wrecked havocwith Japan’s economy. World War I had permitted phenomenal industrialgrowth, but after the war ended, Japan resumed its competition withthe other European powers. This renewed competition provedeconomically painful. During the 1920’s, Japan grew more slowly thanat any other time since the Meiji Restoration.Footnote20 During thistime the whole world was in an economic slump, Japan’s economysuffered inordinately. Japan’s rural economy was particularly hard-hitby the slump in demand for its two key products, silk and rice. Thesudden collapse of the purchasing power of the nations that importedJapanese silk such as America; and the worldwide rise in tariffs,combined to stagnate the Japanese economy.Footnote21 In urban Japan, there were also serious economic problems. Agreat gap in productivity and profitability had appeared between the new industries that had emerged with the industrialization of Japanand the older traditional industries. The Japanese leadership was notattuned to such obstacles and thus was slow to pass legislation todeal with its problems.Footnote22 The Meiji government had supportedits economic planning by claiming it would be beneficial to theeconomy in the long-run. When Meiji government promises of economicgrowth evaporated, the Japanese turned toward non-democratic groupswho now promised them a better economic future.Footnote23 Thenationalist and militaristic groups promised that they would restoreJapanese economic wealth by expanding Japanese colonial holdings whichthe democratic leaders had given up. Children And Art Therapy Essay—Footnote1Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum And The Sword (Boston: HoughtonMifflin Company, 1989) 76. Footnote2Marius B. Jansen Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1971) 147-164. Marius B. Jansen makes clear in this book that the Meiji Restoration(1868-1912) was a movement centered around returning the Meiji Emperorto power. Only later did the Meiji Restoration come to embody liberalreformism. Footnote3Frank Gibney Japan the Fragile Superpower (New York: Meridian, 1985)158-159. Footnote4Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 121. In 1925universal male suffrage was enacted. Footnote5Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press,1980) 113. Footnote6Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 170-171. Footnote7Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 375-376. During the Meiji Restoration Japan saw itsmission to be to catch up with the already industrialized Westernpowers. Footnote8Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987)125. Footnote9Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 115. Footnote10Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988) 98. Footnote11Frank Gibney Japan the Fragile Superpower (New York: Meridian, 1985)165-166. Footnote12Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 119. During the Meiji Restoration Samurais werestripped of their positions and even prohibited from wearing theSamurai Sword in 1869. Footnote13Frank K, Upham Law and Social Change in Japan (Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press, 1987) 49. The Japanese constitution was adopted in1889. It set up a British type parliament. The constitution did notprovide the parliamentary government with power over the militarybranch. Footnote14Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 38. At the turn of the century Japan had started itscolonizing effort in China and other parts of Asia. It was theseefforts at Colonization that developed into the Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905). After winning the war Japan continued with even moregusto to snatch up colonies in Asia. Footnote15Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 121. In 1925universal male suffrage was enacted although in most elections ballotswere only made available to the urban elite. Footnote16Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988) 96. Footnote17Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 150. Footnote18James B. Crawley Japan’s Quest For Autonomy (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1966) 270-280. Footnote19Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press,1980) 128. Footnote20Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 380-381. In her Book Karel van Wolferen writes, â€Å"TheSuccess of the Meiji oligarchy in stimulating economic development wasfollowed by a further great boost for Japanese industry deriving fromthe First World War. This good fortune came to an end in 1920, and a‘chain of panics’ caused successive recessions and businessdislocation†. Footnote21Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 117. Reischauer makes the point in his book thatexternal factors significantly hurt Japan’s economy. Unlike a nationlike the United States which had vast reserves of natural resourceswhen projectionist trade laws were implemented around the world Japansuffered significantly because it lacked raw materials and markets. Japan’s economy which was guided during the Meiji Era to be primarilyan export based economy. Footnote22Nakamura Takafusa Economic Growth in Prewar Japan (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1983) 151-158. Nakamura Takafusa states that Japanwas growing at vastly different rates between the urban areas andrural areas. Footnote23Frank Gibney Japan the Fragile Superpower (New York: Meridian, 1985)165-166. Footnote24James B. Crawley Japan’s Quest For Autonomy (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1966) 270-280. Footnote25David M. Reimers Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes toAmerica (New York: Columbia Press, 1992) 27. Footnote26Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 128. â€Å"The exclusionof Japanese Immigrants by the United States in 1924 and the growth ofmechanized Soviet Power on the Asian continent all confirmed in theJapanese public eye the impending confrontation with the west.†Testsuo views the rise of Japanese nationalism and militarizationresulting in the Showa Restoration to be to a large degree the faultof the west for its maltreatment of Japan diplomatically. Tetsuo alsoviews the Showa Restoration to be largely caused by external factorsthat in consequence unbalanced the fragile Japanese political system. Footnote27Robert Story The Double Patriots (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957)138. Footnote28Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 380-381. Footnote29Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 114. One of thefamous political leaders of the time Miyake Setsurei called for a newJapan that had â€Å"truth, goodness, and beauty†. Footnote30James Morley Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1971) 378-411. Footnote31Peter Duus The Rise of Modern Japan (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976). Many of the nationalists of this period claimed the West had trickedJapan into giving up its colonies in Asia so it could take them. TheNationalists also claimed that renewed Japanese expansionism wouldliberate the Asians of their European Colonizers. Footnote32Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 130. The ImperialWay Faction was a right wing political party that called for the ShowaRestoration. It was lead by Kita Ikki, Gondo Seikei, and Inoue Nissho. Footnote33Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 381-382. Footnote34Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 128. Footnote35Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 138. Historianssuch as Testuo Najita cite this incident as the turning point in themilitary role in Japan. For after this incident the Military realizedthat the parliamentary government did not have the will or the powerto stop the military power. Footnote36Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988) 96. Footnote37Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 171. Edwin O Reischauer writes in his book, â€Å"Therecould be no doubt that the Japanese army in Manchuria had beeneminently successful, The people as a whole accepted this act ofunauthorized and certainly unjustified warfare with whole heartedadmiration†. Footnote38Peter Duus The Rise of Modern Japan (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976)156. The period preceding the Showa Restoration and coming after theMeiji Era is known as the Taisho Era. It is named after the TaishoEmperor who was mentally incompetent and thus the parliamentariansduring this time had control of the government. His reign lasted onlya decade compared to the Meiji Emperor’s 44 year reign. Footnote39Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 171. Footnote40Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 138.